Introduction Pests can be a major problem for farmers and gardeners, causing damage to crops and plants. While chemical…

ARTHROPODS The arthropods are a large group of invertebrate animals which include insects, spiders, millipedes, centi…

The  aphids  are probably best known as "greenfly or "black- fly and are found on the succulent growing po…

Mosquitoes, midges, tsetse-flies and house-flies are familiar insects included in a group called Diptera. They have …

Blood groups . The inheritance of the ABO blood groups in man is an instance of incomplete dominance. According to wh…

Food and drink  may become contaminated by bacteria in a variety of ways. If the faeces of a person suffering from an…

Bacteria are very small organisms consisting of single cells, rarely more than 0-01 mm in length and visible only u…

The fungi are included in the plant kingdom but in many ways they are quite different from green plants. The basiC …

APHIDS These are very successful insects which are widespread throughout the world. Individual aphids are small and dif…

Many techniques can be used to reduce the losses caused by crop pests by preventing their occurrence or reducing their …

Losses in animal husbandry in most tropical areas, including West Africa, are due mainly to diseases. Parasites such…